diff --git a/.gitlab-ci.yml b/.gitlab-ci.yml
index c6ef6b8..d2dce69 100644
--- a/.gitlab-ci.yml
+++ b/.gitlab-ci.yml
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021-2022 Heiko Schaefer <heiko@schaefer.name>
-# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021 Nora Widdecke <mail@nora.pink>
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021-2022 Nora Widdecke <mail@nora.pink>
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: CC0-1.0
 
 stages:
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ cache: &general_cache_config
 
 pages:
   stage: pages
-  cache: [ ]
   image: debian:stable-slim
   before_script:
     - apt update -y -qq
@@ -36,16 +35,17 @@ pages:
   artifacts:
     paths:
       - public
+  cache: [ ]
 
 reuse:
   stage: lint
-  cache: [ ]
   image:
     name: fsfe/reuse:latest
     entrypoint: [ "" ]
   script:
     - reuse lint
-  dependencies: []
+  dependencies: [ ]
+  cache: [ ]
 
 cargo-fmt:
   stage: lint
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ cargo-fmt:
   script:
     - rustup component add rustfmt
     - cargo fmt -- --check
+  cache: [ ]
 
 cargo-deny:
   stage: lint
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ cargo-deny:
     - cargo install --locked cargo-deny
   script:
     - cargo deny check
+  cache: [ ]
 
 cargo-clippy:
   stage: lint
@@ -73,11 +75,15 @@ cargo-clippy:
   script:
     - rustup component add clippy
     - cargo clippy --verbose --tests -- -D warnings
+  cache:
+    # inherit all general cache settings
+    <<: *general_cache_config
+    # override the key
+    key: "rust-latest"
 
 udeps:
   stage: lint
   image: rustlang/rust:nightly-slim
-  cache: [ ]
   before_script:
     - mkdir -p /run/user/$UID
     - apt update -y -qq
@@ -87,6 +93,7 @@ udeps:
     - tar --extract --verbose --gzip --file /tmp/cargo-udeps.tar.gz --directory /usr/local/bin/ --strip-components=2 ./cargo-udeps-v0.1.26-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/cargo-udeps
   script:
     - cargo udeps --workspace --all-features --all-targets
+  cache: [ ]
 
 cargo-test:
   stage: test
@@ -134,6 +141,7 @@ run_cardtest_smartpgp:
     # inherit all general cache settings
     <<: *general_cache_config
     # override the key
+    # (the base image of run_cardtest uses bookworm)
     key: "bookworm"
 
 run_cardtest_ykneo:
@@ -150,6 +158,7 @@ run_cardtest_ykneo:
     # inherit all general cache settings
     <<: *general_cache_config
     # override the key
+    # (the base image of run_cardtest uses bookworm)
     key: "bookworm"
 
 hardware-builddeps:
@@ -174,6 +183,7 @@ hardware-builddeps:
     IMAGE_LATEST: $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE/hardware-builddeps:latest
     IMAGE_SHA: $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE/hardware-builddeps:$CI_COMMIT_SHA
     DOCKERFILE: card-functionality/docker/Dockerfile.hardware-builddeps
+  cache: [ ]
 
 .hw-test-template:
   image: registry.gitlab.com/hkos/openpgp-card/hardware-builddeps